1.名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;

2.形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;

3.狀語從句，在句子中通常是時間地點方式的狀語。

長難句解析

22. Towns like Bournemouth Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

【詞匯】

spring: vi. 跳躍;突然出現(xiàn);發(fā)源。過去分詞：sprang，短語：spring up 出現(xiàn)，涌現(xiàn)

house: v. 給......提供住房;安置

retire on: 退休后靠......(生活)

have no relation to: 與......沒有關系

draw dividends: 分紅

shareholder: 股東

【句式分析】

① 句子主干：Towns sprang up to house large “comfortable”classes;

② 定語從句：兩個 who 引導兩個并列的定語從句，修飾先行詞 classes;

③ except 為介詞，其后的 that 指代 relation，except that of 相當于 except the relation of;

④ 不定式作目的狀語：to dictate their orders to the management。

【翻譯】

像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的"舒適"階級提供居住場所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作，他們除了分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會，向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社會的其他階層毫無瓜葛。

23. The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, his influence on the relations of capital labor was not good.

【詞匯】

as such: 就本身而論

have no knowledge of: 對......一無所知

share: n. 股;(參與、得到等的)份;市場占有率

capital: n. 資金;資本

【句式分析】

① 句子主干：The “shareholders” had no knowledge, his influence was not good。

② 過去分詞作后置定語：employed 做定語修飾 workmen。

③ “介詞+which”引導定語從句：in which 引導定語從句，修飾先行詞 company。

【翻譯】

這樣的“股東”對他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知，而且他們對勞資雙方的關系都不會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

【詞匯】

act for: 代表(某人)，代替(某人)執(zhí)行某公務

patriarchal: adj. 家長的;族長的;父權的

pass away: (時間等)消磨掉;去世;終止;停止;

【句式分析】

① 句子主干： The manager was in more direct relation with the men their demands, but he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen;

② 過去分詞作前置定語：paid 修飾 manager;

③ 現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語：acting for the company 修飾 manager;

④ 定語從句：which the employer had...passing away，which 引導定語從句修飾限定 that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen;

⑤ 介詞短語作狀語：under the more patriarchal system of the old family business;

⑥ 現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語：passing away 作后置定語修飾 the old family business。

【翻譯】

代表公司的花錢雇來的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關系更加直接，但是就連他對工人們也沒有那種熟識的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對他們的工人有這樣的私人關系。