(一)人稱代詞及物主代詞的指代

【真題例句】

Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

【解析】

從結(jié)構(gòu)來看，該句because of 的后邊接兩個名詞短語the population explosion和problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport來表示原因。其中，第二個名詞短語又含有一個短語themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport，來補充說明mass migration movements。因此，這里的代詞themselves 指代名詞短語mass migration movements。

【參考譯文】由于人口的猛增或大量的人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流通變得相對容易)造成的種種問題也回對社會造成新的壓力。

(二)不定代詞的指代

【真題例句】

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

【解析】

不定代詞one 指代名詞短語definition of history。在這里one 和物主代詞及人稱代詞在指代名詞方面有所不同， one 指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞的同類名詞，其中，one 表示單數(shù)，ones表示復(fù)數(shù);而物主代詞及人稱代詞必須指代上文中出現(xiàn)的名詞本身，所以單復(fù)數(shù)必須一致。比如這里若要用人稱代詞，則必須用they/them來指代上文中復(fù)數(shù)形式的definitions of history。

【參考譯文】幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為歷史學是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實并對其作出解釋。

(三)指示代詞的指代

【真題例句】

Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.

【解析】

這里的this指代前面的a responsibility to the society，如果只是譯成"這個"，則會造成語義不明。在to mankind之前省去了Everybody has a responsibility (to)。

【參考譯文】每個人都對他所屬的社會負有責任，并且通過對社會負責任，而對人類負有責任。